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2024.4.19 20:24:53
Calthrop 料敵第二篇 료적편
THE BOOK OF WAR
THE MILITARY CLASSIC OF THE FAR EAST
TRANSLATED FROM THE CHINESE BY CAPTAIN E. F. CALTHROP, R.F.A. (1908)
II
ESTIMATION OF THE ENEMY
And Lord Wen said to Wu:—
“Chin threatens us on the west; Chu surrounds us on the south; Chao presses us in the north; Chi watches us in the east; Yen stops our rear, and Han is posted in our front. Thus, the armies of six nations encompass us on every side, and our condition is very unpropitious. Canst thou relieve my anxiety?”
Wu answered and said:—
“The path of safety of a state lies first of all in vigilance. Now my Lord has already taken warning, wherefore misfortunes are yet distant.
“Let me state the habits of these six countries. The forces of Chi are weighty but without solidity; the soldiers of Chin are scattered, and fight each of his own accord: the army of Chu is well ordered, but cannot endure: the soldiers of Yen[Pg 86]defend well, but are without dash: the armies of the three Chins are well governed, but cannot be used.
“The nature of Chi is stubborn and the country rich, but prince and officials are proud and luxurious, and neglectful of the common people; government is loose and rewards not impartial; in one camp there are two minds; the front is heavy, but the rear is light. Therefore it is ponderous without stability. To attack it, the force must be divided into three parts, and, by threatening it on three sides, its front can be broken.
“The nature of Chin is strong, the country rugged, and the government firm; rewards and punishments just, the people indomitable, and all have the fighting spirit; wherefore, when separated, each fights of his own accord.
“To defeat this people, they must first be tempted by gain to leave their cause, so that the soldiers, greedy of profit, desert their general: then, taking advantage of their disobedience, their scattered forces[Pg 87] can be chased, ambushes laid, favourable opportunities taken, and their general captured.
“The nature of Chu is weak, its territory wide, the government weak, and the people exhausted; the troops are well ordered but of short endurance.
“The way to defeat them is to assault their camp, throw it into confusion and crush their spirit, advance softly, and retire quickly; tire them out, avoid a serious encounter, and they may be defeated.
“The nature of Yen is straightforward; its people are cautious, loving courage and righteousness, and without guile; wherefore they defend but are not daring.
“The way to defeat them is to draw close and press them; tease them and pass to a distance; move quickly, and appear in the rear, thus causing bewilderment to their officers and fear in their ranks. Our chariots and horsemen will act with circumspection and avoid encounter. Thus their general can be captured.
“The three Chins are the middle king[Pg 88]dom: their nature is peaceful and their rule just. Their people are tired of war; their troops are trained, but their leaders are despised; pay is small, and the soldiers lack the spirit of sacrifice, thus they are well governed but cannot be used.
“The way to defeat them is to threaten them from afar. If a multitude attack—defend; if they retreat—pursue, and tire them out.
“In every army there are mighty warriors with strength to lift the Censer, swifter of foot than the war horse; who can take the enemy’s standard, or slay his general. If such men be selected, and set apart, cared for and honoured, they are the life of the army.
“Those who use the five arms[20]with skill, who are clever, strong and quick, and careless of the enemy, should be given rank and decoration, and used to decide the victory. Their parents and families should be cared for, encouraged by rewards, and kept in fear of punishment. These men[Pg 89]consolidate the battle array; their presence causes endurance.
“If these men be well selected, double their number can be defeated.”
And Lord Wen said:—
“It is good!”
Wu the Master said:—
“In the estimation of the enemy there are eight cases when, without consulting the oracles, he may be attacked.
“First, an enemy who, in great wind and cold, has risen early, started forth across ice and rivers, and braved stress and hardships.
“Second, an enemy who, in the height of summer, and in great heat, has risen early, has travelled incessantly, is hungry and without water, and is striving to reach a distance.
“Third, an enemy who has been encamped long in one place, who is without provisions, when the farmers are vexed and indignant, who has suffered frequent calamities, and whose officers are unable to establish confidence.
“Fourth, when the enemy’s funds are exhausted, fuel and fodder scarce; when[Pg 90] the heavens have been overcast by long continued rain; when there is the desire to loot, but no place to loot withal.
“Fifth, when their numbers are few; when water is scarce; when men and horses are scourged by pestilence, and from no quarter is succour at hand.
“Sixth, when night falls, and the way is yet far; when officers and men are worn out and fearful, weary and without food, and have laid aside their armour and are resting.
“Seventh, when the general’s authority is weak, the officials false, and the soldiers unsettled; when their army has been alarmed, and no help is forthcoming.
“Eighth, when the battle formation is not yet fixed, or camp pitched; when climbing a hill, or passing through a difficult place; when half is hidden and half exposed.
“An enemy in these situations may be smitten without hesitation.
“There are six enemies, that, without consulting oracles, should be avoided.
“First, wide and vast territories, and a large and rich population.
[Pg 91]
“Second, where the officials care for the people, and bestow bountiful favours and rewards.
“Third, where rewards are well deserved, punishment accurately apportioned, and operations undertaken only when the time is fitting.
“Fourth, where merit is recognised and given rank, wise men appointed, and ability employed.
“Fifth, where the troops are many and their weapons excellent.
“Sixth, when help is at hand on every side, or from a powerful ally.
“For, if the enemy excel in the foregoing, he must be avoided without hesitation. As it is written, if it be judged good, advance; if it be known to be difficult, retreat.”
And Lord Wen asked and said:—
“I desire to know how the interior of the enemy can be known from his outer appearance; the form of his camp by observing his advance, and how victory may be determined?”
And Wu answered and said:—
[Pg 92]
“If the coming of the enemy be reckless like roaring waters, his banners and pennons disordered, and horses and men frequently looking behind, then ten can be struck with one. Panic will certainly seize them.
“Before the various princes have assembled, before harmony has been established between lord and lieges, before ditches have been dug, or regulations established, and the army is alarmed; wishing to advance, but unable; wishing to retreat, but unable: then the force can strike twice their numbers, and in a hundred fights there is no fear of retreat.”
Lord Wen asked:—
“How can the enemy be certainly defeated?”
Wu answered and said:—
“Make certain of the enemy’s real condition and quickly strike his weak point; strike an enemy who has just arrived from afar, before his ranks are arranged; or one who has eaten and has not completed his dispositions; or an enemy who is hurrying about, or is busily occupied; or has not[Pg 93] made favourable use of the ground, or has let pass the opportunity; or one who has come a long distance, and those in rear are late and have not rested.
“Strike an enemy who is half across waters; or who is on a difficult or narrow road; or whose flags and banners are in confusion; or who is frequently changing position; or whose general is not in accord with the soldiers; or who is fearful.
“All such should be assaulted by the picked men; and the remainder of the army should be divided, and follow after them. They may be attacked at once without hesitation.”
吳子兵法-chn-eng 吳起
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2018.12.26 15:14:59
料敵第二编辑
武侯謂吳起曰:「今秦脅吾西,楚帶吾南,趙衝吾北,齊臨吾東,燕絕吾後,韓據吾前。六國兵四守,勢甚不便。憂此奈何?」
起對曰:「夫安國家之道,先戒為寶,今君已戒,禍其遠矣。臣請論六國之俗:夫齊陳重而不堅,秦陳散而自鬥,楚陳整而不久,燕陳守而不走,三晉陳治而不用。夫齊性剛,其國富,君臣驕奢而簡於細民,其政寬而祿不均,一陳兩心,前重後輕,故重而不堅。擊此之道,必三分之,獵其左右,脅而從之,其陳可壞。秦性強,其地險,其政嚴,其賞罰信,其人不讓,皆有鬥心,故散而自戰。擊此之道,必先示之以利而引去之,士貪於得而離其將,乘乖獵散,設伏投機,其將可取。楚性弱,其地廣,其政騷,其民疲,故整而不久。擊此之道,襲亂其屯,先奪其氣,輕進速退,弊而勞之,勿與爭戰,其軍可敗。燕性愨,其民慎,好勇義,寡詐謀,故守而不走。擊此之道,觸而迫之,凌而遠之,馳而後之,則上疑而下懼,謹我車騎必避之路,其將可虜。三晉者,中國也,其性和,其政平,其民疲於戰,習於兵,輕其將,薄其祿,士無死志,故治而不用。擊此之道,阻陳而壓之,眾來則拒之,去則追之,以倦其師。此其勢也。然則一軍之中,必有虎賁之士,力輕扛鼎,足輕戎馬,搴旗取將,必有能者。若此之等,選而別之,愛而貴之,是謂軍命。其有工用五兵、材力健疾、志在吞敵者,必加其爵列,可以決勝。厚其父母妻子,勸賞畏罰,此堅陳之士,可與持久。審能料此,可以擊倍。」武侯曰︰「善。」
吳子曰:「凡料敵,有不卜而與之戰者八:一曰疾風大寒,早興寤遷,剖冰濟水,不憚艱難;二曰盛夏炎熱,晏興無間,行驅飢渴,務於取遠;三曰師既淹久,糧食無有,百姓怨怒,祅祥數起,上不能止;四曰軍資既竭,薪芻既寡,天多陰雨,欲掠無所;五曰徒眾不多,水地不利,人馬疾疫,四鄰不至;六曰道遠日暮,士眾勞懼,倦而未食,解甲而息;七曰將薄吏輕,士卒不固,三軍數驚,師徒無助;八曰陳而未定,舍而未畢,行阪涉險,半隱半出。諸如此者,擊之勿疑。有不占而避之者六:一曰土地廣大,人民富眾;二曰上愛其下,惠施流布;三曰賞信刑察,發必得時;四曰陳功居列,任賢使能;五曰師徒之眾,兵甲之精;六曰四鄰之助,大國之援。凡此不如敵人,避之勿疑。所謂見可而進,知難而退也。」
武侯問曰:「吾欲觀敵之外,以知其內,察其進,以知其止,以定勝負,可得聞乎?」起對曰:「敵人之來,蕩蕩無慮,旌旗煩亂,人馬數顧,一可擊十,必使無措;諸侯未會,君臣未和,溝壘未成,禁令未施,三軍匈匈,欲前不能,欲去不敢,以半擊倍,百戰不殆。」
武侯問敵必可擊之道。起對曰:「用兵必審敵虛實而趨其危。敵人遠來新至,行列未定,可擊;既食未設備,可擊;奔走,可擊;勤勞,可擊;未得地利,可擊;失時不從,可擊;涉長道,後行未息,可擊;涉水半渡,可擊;險道狹路,可擊;旌旗亂動,可擊;陳數移動,可擊;將離士卒,可擊;心怖,可擊。若凡此者,選銳衝之,分兵繼之,急擊勿疑。」
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