The goal of medicine as it is currently practiced is to develop procedures and drugs that work equally well on all patients, regardless of gender, age, or genetics. It derives from the prevalent belief that all of us are similar bio-mechanical units that rolled off the same assembly line ― a most imperfect conception of human beings that limits conventional medicine’s effectiveness. The doctor of the future, however, needs to practice medicine in fundamentally different ways. One of the most important shifts will be an increased recognition of (     ), a concept now largely ignored. Instead of treating different patients that display similar symptoms with the same drugs, doctors should identify root causes of disease to come up with a personalized treatment.

① group therapy 

② patient individuality 

③ medical technology 

④ doctors’ qualifications 

⑤ wonder drugs