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2024.3.30 00:50:56
Calthrop 論將第四篇 논장편
THE BOOK OF WAR
THE MILITARY CLASSIC OF THE FAR EAST
TRANSLATED FROM THE CHINESE BY CAPTAIN E. F. CALTHROP, R.F.A. (1908)
IV
QUALITIES OF THE GENERAL
Wu the Master said:—
“The leader of the army is one who is master of both arms and letters. He who is both brave and tender can be entrusted with troops.
“In the popular estimation of generals, courage alone is regarded; nevertheless, courage is but one of the qualifications of the leader. Courage is heedless in encounter; and rash encounter, which is ignorant of the consequences, cannot be called good.
“There are five matters which leaders must carefully consider.
“First, reason; second, preparation; third, determination; fourth, vigilance; fifth, simplicity.
“With reason, a multitude can be controlled like a small number.
[Pg 102]
“Preparedness sees an enemy outside the gate.
“Determination before the enemy has no thought of life.
“Even after a victory, vigilance behaves as before the first encounter.
“Simplicity ensures few regulations, and preserves order.
“When the leader receives his orders, he forthwith departs. Not until the enemy has been vanquished does he speak of return. This is the duty of the general.
“Wherefore, from the day of departure of the army, the general seeks glory in death, and dreams not of return in dishonour.”
Wu the Master said:—
“In war there are four important influences.
“First, spirit; second, ground; third, opportunity; fourth, force.
“The military value of the nation’s forces—of one hundred times ten thousand fighting men—depends upon the personality of one man alone; this is called the influence of spirit.
[Pg 103]
“When the road is steep and narrow, when there are famous mountains and fastnesses where ten men can defend and one thousand cannot pass them by; such is the influence of ground.
“When spies have been skilfully sown, and mounted men pass to and from the enemy’s camp, so that his masses are divided, his sovereign and ministers vexed with each other, and superiors and inferiors mutually censorious; this is the moment of opportunity.
“When the linch-pins are secure, the oars and sweeps ready for use in the boats, the armed men trained for war, and the horses exercised, we have what is called the influence of force.
“He who understands these four matters has the qualifications of a general. Furthermore, dignity, virtue, benevolence, courage, are needed to lead the troops, to calm the multitude, to put fear in the enemy, to remove doubts. When orders are issued, the subordinates do not defy them. Wheresoever the army is, that place the[Pg 104] enemy avoids. If these four virtues be present, the country is strong; if they be not present, the country is overthrown.
“Of such is the good general.”
Wu the Master said:—
“The use of drums and bells is to attract the ear; of flags, standards, and banners to strike the eye; of laws and penalties to put fear in the heart.
“To attract the ear the sound must be clear; to strike the eye the colours must be bright. The heart is awed by punishment, therefore punishment must be strict.
“If these three matters be not ordered, the state may, peradventure, be preserved, but defeat by the enemy is certain. Therefore, as it has been said (if these three things be present), there is no departing from the commands of the general; when he orders, there is no going back from death.”
Wu the Master said:—
“The secret of war is, first, to know who is the enemy’s general, and to judge his ability. If our plans depend on his dis[Pg 105]positions, then success will be achieved without toil.
“If their general be stupid, and heedlessly trustful, he may be enticed by fraud; if he be avaricious and careless of his fame, he may be bribed with gifts. If he make unconsidered movements without plan, he should be tired out and placed in difficulties. If the superiors be wealthy and proud, and the inferiors avaricious and resentful, they should be set against each other. An enemy that is undetermined, now advancing and then retreating, whose soldiers have nought wherein to put their trust, should be alarmed, and put to flight.
“When an enemy thinks lightly of the general, and desires to return home, the easy roads should be blocked, and the difficult and narrow roads opened; await their coming and capture them.
“If their advance be easy and retreat difficult, await their coming and then advance against them.
“If their advance be difficult and retreat easy, then press and strike them.
[Pg 106]
“An army that is camped in marshy ground, where there are no water-courses, and long and frequent rains, should be inundated.
“An army that is camped in wild marshes, covered with dark and overhanging grass and brambles, and swept by frequent high winds, should be overthrown by fire.
“An army that has halted long without moving; whose general and soldiers have grown careless, and neglect precautions, should be approached by stealth, and taken by surprise.”
Lord Wen asked, saying:—
“If the two armies be facing each other, and the name of the enemy’s general unknown, in what manner can we discover it?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“A brave man of low degree, lightly but well equipped, should be employed. He should think only of flight and naught of advantage. Then, if he observe the enemy’s pursuit, if there be first a halt[Pg 107] and then an advance, order is established. If we retreat and the enemy pursue, but pretend not to be able to overtake us, see an advantage but pretend not to be aware of it, then their general may be called a wise general, and conflict with him must be avoided. If their army be full of uproar; their banners and standards disordered, their soldiers going about or remaining of their own accord, some in line, others in column; if such an enemy be eager to pursue, and see an advantage which they are desperate to seize, then their general is a fool: even if there be a host, they may be taken.”
吳子兵法-chn-eng 吳起
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2018.12.26 15:28:22
論將第四编辑
吳子曰:「夫總文武者,軍之將也;兼剛柔者,兵之事也。凡人論將,常觀於勇,勇之於將,乃數分之一爾。夫勇者,必輕合,輕合而不知利,未可也。故將之所慎者五:一曰理,二曰備,三曰果,四曰戒,五曰約。理者,治眾如治寡;備者,出門如見敵;果者,臨敵不懷生;戒者,雖克如始戰;約者,法令省而不煩。受命而不辭,敵破而後言返,將之禮也。故出師之日,有死之榮,無生之辱。」
吳子曰:「凡兵有四機:一曰氣機,二曰地機,三曰事機,四曰力機。三軍之眾,百萬之師,張設輕重在於一人,是謂氣機;路狹道險,名山大塞,十夫所守,千夫不過,是謂地機;善行間諜,輕兵往來,分散其眾,使其君臣相怨,上下相咎,是謂事機;車堅管轄,舟利櫓楫,士習戰陣,馬閒馳逐,是謂力機。知此四者,乃可為將。然其威、德、仁、勇,必足以率下安眾,怖敵決疑,施令而下不犯,所在寇不敢敵。得之國強,去之國亡。是謂良將。」
吳子曰:「夫鼙鼓金鐸,所以威耳;旌旗麾幟,所以威目;禁令刑罰,所以威心。耳威於聲,不可不清;目威於色,不可不明;心威於刑,不可不嚴。三者不立,雖有其國,必敗於敵。故曰,將之所麾,莫不從移,將之所指,莫不前死。」
吳子曰:「凡戰之要,必先占其將而察其才,因形用權,則不勞而功舉。其將愚而信人,可詐而誘;貪而忽名,可貨而賂;輕變無謀,可勞而困;上富而驕,下貧而怨,可離而間;進退多疑,其眾無依,可震而走;士輕其將而有歸志,塞易開險,可邀而取;進道易,退道難,可來而前;進道險,退道易,可薄而擊;居軍下濕,水無所通,霖雨數至,可灌而沉;居軍荒澤,草楚幽穢,風飆數至,可焚而滅;停久不移,將士懈怠,其軍不備,可潛而襲。」
武侯問曰:「兩軍相望,不知其將,我欲相之,其術如何?」起對曰:「令賤而勇者,將輕銳以嘗之,務於北,無務於得,觀敵之來,一坐一起,其政以理,其追北佯為不及,其見利佯為不知;如此將者,名為智將,勿與戰矣。若其眾讙譁,旌旗煩亂,其卒自行自止,其兵或縱或橫,其追北恐不及,見利恐不得,此為愚將,雖眾可獲。」
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